Textile Craft

Turkey to soon create brand in organic cotton at global level

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<div>Turkey is the largest producer of organic cotton in the world today and is gaining more and more perception regarding organic cotton production to create a global brand in organic cotton production.</div>
<p>
<div>According to Turkish Nazilli Cotton Research Station’s manager Sadettin Ozturk, Turkey have most suitable weather condition which strongly supports organic cotton farming.</div>
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<p>
<div>Since 1990s, Turkey has been gradually transcending into a stage of producing organic cotton and slowly the country has become synonymous with organic cotton.</div>

<div>Organic cotton farming is conducted without the use of chemical inputs, and each stage of the production process is carried out through a controlled and certified agricultural method, he added.</div>
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<div>Conventional cotton production has a lot of disadvantages, whereas, organic cotton production can translate into several advantages, especially for small cotton growers in the country, Mr. Ozturk said.</div>
<div>
The Nazilli Cotton Research Station under the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock was established in 1934 under the name Cotton Breeding Station, earlier known. The key objective of this institution is to develop projects and conduct research on producing high-quality, disease and pest resistant cotton varieties.</div>
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Source: <a href="http://www.yarnsandfibers.com/textile_intelligence/textile-news/turkey-soon-create-brand-organic-cotton-global-level" target="_blank">YNFX</a>

Turkey to soon create brand in organic cotton at global level

Turkey is the largest producer of organic cotton in the world today and is gaining more and more perception regarding organic cotton produ...

Technical Textile

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Technical textiles are materials meeting high technical and quality requirements (mechanical, thermal, electrical, durability etc) giving them the ability to offer technical functions.</div><br>
<div>Technical textiles include textiles for automotive applications, medical textiles (e.g., implants), geotextiles (reinforcement of embankments), agrotextiles (textiles for crop protection), and protective clothing (e.g., heat and radiation protection for fire fighter clothing, molten metal protection for welders, stab protection and bulletproof vests, and spacesuits).</div>
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<h3>
<b>Scope of Technical Textile</b></h3>
An exceptional feature of technical textiles is the use of innumerable varieties of raw materials, processes, products and applications for their production. Some of the materials used for making technical textile are listed below:
<br />
<ul>
<li>Metals, like steel.</li>
<li>Minerals, like asbestos and glass.</li>
<li>Synthetic polymers, like PES, PA, PAN, PP etc.</li>
<li>Regenerated fibers like rayon fiber and acetate fiber.</li>
<li>Natural fibers like cotton fiber, jute fiber, wool fiber etc.</li>
</ul><p>
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<p>
<h3>
<b>Classes of Functions for Technical Textile</b></h3>
<ol>
<li>Mechanical functions</li>
<li>Exchange functions</li>
<li>Functionalities for living beings</li>
<li>Protective functions</li>
</ol>
<h4>
<b>1.Mechanical functions:</b></h4>
<ul>
<li>Mechanical resistance</li>
<li>Reinforcement of materials</li>
<li>Elasticity</li>
</ul>
<h4>
<b>2.Exchange functions:</b></h4>
<ul>
<li>Filtration</li>
<li>Insulation and conductivity</li>
<li>Drainage</li>
<li>Impermeability</li>
<li>Absorption</li>
</ul>
<h4>
<b>3.Functions of living being:</b></h4>
<ul>
<li>Antibacteria</li>
<li>Antidust mites</li>
<li>Biocompatibility</li>
<li>Biodegradability</li>
</ul>
<h4>
<b>4.Protective functions:</b></h4>
<ul>
<li>Thermal</li>
<li>Fire</li>
<li>Mechanical</li>
<li>Chemicals</li>
<li>Impermeable - Breathable</li>
<li>Antistatic</li>
<li>Particles antirelease</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3>
<b>Application Areas/Products</b></h3><p>
<div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableMediumShading1Accent5" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
 <tbody>
<tr>
  <td style="background: #4BACC6; border-right: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .95in;" valign="top" width="91">
  <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background1;">Application Area<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
  <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background1;">Usage<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #4BACC6; border-left: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
  <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background1;">Products<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .95in;" valign="top" width="91">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<b>Agrotech<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Used in agriculture and landscape gardening, horticulture, forestry, fences,
  fishing etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Shade fabrics, crop protection fabrics against sun, rain, fishing ropes,
  nets, tarpaulins, horticulture twines etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .95in;" valign="top" width="91">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<b>Buildtech<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Used in construction of buildings, house structures, dams, tunnels etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Reinforcements of walls, facades, house wrap, concrete wraps, waterproof
  membranes, thermal and sound insulation, sewer and pipe, linings, etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .95in;" valign="top" width="91">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<b>Clothtech<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Used in garments, shoes, bags etc<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Interlinings, wadding and fiber-fills, shoe components, components of
  bags etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .95in;" valign="top" width="91">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<b>Defence<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Used in defence clothing, hospitals<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Uniforms, bullet proof jackets, high altitude protection clothing, fire
  retardant clothing, parachutes, tents etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .95in;" valign="top" width="91">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<b>Geotech<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Used for earth and road construction, drainage system, civil engineering
  industry etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Ground stabilization, soil reinforcement, canal linings, erosion control
  etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .95in;" valign="top" width="91">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<b>Hometech<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Used by households<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Wipes, floor mops, furniture components, mattress components, upholstery
  and interior furnishing etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .95in;" valign="top" width="91">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<b>Indutech<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Used in industrial processes like filtration, cleaning, seals etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Woven filters, air filters, dust filters, conveyor fabrics, industrial
  belts & hose, abrasive products.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .95in;" valign="top" width="91">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<b>Meditech<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Used in hospital dressings and for hygiene.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Surgical gowns, drapes, dressings (bandages etc) masks, caps, sutures,
  medical implants, sanitary napkins, diapers etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .95in;" valign="top" width="91">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<b>Mobiltech<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Used in automobiles, aircrafts, shipbuilding etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Nylon type cord fabrics, seat covers, seat belts, cabin filters, tufted
  carpet, upholstery etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .95in;" valign="top" width="91">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<b>Oekotech<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Used for environmental protection<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Recycled schemes, products for oil spill treatment, insulation products
  etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .95in;" valign="top" width="91">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<b>Packtech<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Used for packaging and protective coverings.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Sacks, twine, FIBC, tea/coffee bags etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .95in;" valign="top" width="91">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<b>Protech<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Used for protection of persons and properties.         <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Face masks, chemical protection, dust protection, protection against
  nuclear radiations, gases etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .95in;" valign="top" width="91">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<b>Sporttech<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Used in sports equipments, outfits etc.                <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 2pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
Sport bags, artificial turf, sport nets, sail cloth etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
 </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>

Technical Textile

Technical textiles are materials meeting high technical and quality requirements (mechanical, thermal, electrical, durability etc) givin...

Carding

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div>
Carding is a mechanical process that disentangles, cleans and intermixes fibres to produce a continuous web or sliver suitable for subsequent processing. It is called the heart of spinning. The carding machine is set with hundreds of fine wires that separate the fibres and pull them into somewhat parallel form. A thin web of fiber is formed, and as it moves along, it passes through a funnel-shaped device that produces a rope like strand of parallel fibres. Blending can take place by joining laps of different fibres. From carding action sliver is formed.</div>
<br />
<h3>
<b>Objectives of carding</b></h3>
<ul>
<li>To open the flocks into individual fibres</li>
<li>Cleaning or elimination of impurities</li>
<li>Reduction of neps</li>
<li>Elimination of dust</li>
<li>Elimination of short fibres</li>
<li>Fibre blending</li>
<li>Fibre orientation or alignment</li>
<li>Sliver formation</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSoNgwxofeMsuKZBwxowKCSumfJmGpqYJAHqQ7edpnI0oKRe5fscxc8Ty-J8PdgQtIhKk2rxXD7CUX8YjO4JVHQYSzaPScRMcGbjUTMOmNu-YM5OkAJcd3K-RIOwty8hgJ4GxpzDJ6elmr/s1600/carding+machine.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSoNgwxofeMsuKZBwxowKCSumfJmGpqYJAHqQ7edpnI0oKRe5fscxc8Ty-J8PdgQtIhKk2rxXD7CUX8YjO4JVHQYSzaPScRMcGbjUTMOmNu-YM5OkAJcd3K-RIOwty8hgJ4GxpzDJ6elmr/s400/carding+machine.gif" /></a></div>
<br />
<h3>
<b>Main actions of carding machine</b></h3>
<ol>
<li>Action between fee roller & taker in</li>
<li>Action between taker in and cylinder</li>
<li>Action between cylinder and flat</li>
<li>Action between cylinder and doffer</li>
</ol>
<h4>
<b>Useful sliver hanks of different counts:</b></h4><br>
<div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightGridAccent3" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent3; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 679px;">
 <tbody>
<tr>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #9BBB59 2.25pt; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Description<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: solid #9BBB59 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-top: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Counts<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="background: #E6EED5; border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Count of yarns<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #E6EED5; border-bottom: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #E6EED5; border-bottom: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #E6EED5; border-bottom: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">32s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #E6EED5; border-bottom: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">40s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #E6EED5; border-bottom: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">60s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="background: #E6EED5; border-bottom: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">80s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hank of carded sliver<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.125<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.125<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.135<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.145<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent3; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9BBB59 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent3; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
  <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.165<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br />
<h3>
<b>Wastage in Carding</b></h3>
<ul>
<li>Taker in waste</li>
<li>Flat strip</li>
<li>Motes & flies</li>
<li>Sliver cut</li>
<li>Filter waste</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
</div>

Carding

Carding is a mechanical process that disentangles, cleans and intermixes fibres to produce a continuous web or sliver suitable for subsequ...

Spandex | Properties and Manufacturing Process

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<br /></div>
<div>Spandex is a synthetic fibre or fabric made from a polymer containing polyurethane, used in the manufacture of elastic clothing. It is lightweight, soft, strong and very stretchable. In fact, spandex fibre was developed as an alternative to rubber but has a better quality than it. The name Lycra has also come to be a synonymous of spandex.</div>
<p>
<h3><b>Lycra-Spandex Confusion</b></h3>
Lycra is the trademark name for the spandex, created by DuPont and subsequently sold to multinational corporation, Invista. Spandex is the generic name for the elastic fibre category, as defined by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission. The two terms are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, though there are some minor differences between Lycra and generic spandex.
<p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLJtkNRN3BjWjK0c9yr1t-4x2cb2-vdTGjIlAzaFCqniH6t79gkSEHRCLUrUXle-ox7hx33gMHcEbkARiN_DdX2fD8HJHXK2dAYEgNCW5vA59kFKQt5XGErmwys2fTWF1Mcz2xYk6nO02k/s1600/spandex.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLJtkNRN3BjWjK0c9yr1t-4x2cb2-vdTGjIlAzaFCqniH6t79gkSEHRCLUrUXle-ox7hx33gMHcEbkARiN_DdX2fD8HJHXK2dAYEgNCW5vA59kFKQt5XGErmwys2fTWF1Mcz2xYk6nO02k/s320/spandex.jpg" /></a></div>
<p>
<h3><b>Spandex Fibre Characteristics</b></h3>
<ul>
<li>Can be stretched repeatedly and still recover to very near its original length and shape</li>
<li>Generally, can be stretched more than 500% without breaking</li>
<li>Stronger, more durable and higher retractive force than rubber</li>
<li>Lightweight, soft, smooth, supple</li>
<li>In garments, provides a combination of comfort and fit, prevents bagging and sagging</li>
<li>Heat-settable — facilitates transforming puckered fabrics into flat fabrics, or flat fabrics into permanent rounded shapes</li>
<li>Dyeable</li>
<li>Resistant to deterioration by body oils, perspiration, lotions or detergents</li>
<li>Abrasion resistant</li>
<li>When fabrics containing spandex are sewn, the needle causes little or no damage from “needle cutting” compared to the older types of elastic materials</li>
<li>Available in fibre diameters ranging from 10 denier to 2500 denier</li>
<li>Available in clear and opaque lusters</li>
</ul>
<h3><b>Manufacturing Process of Spandex Fibre</b></h3>
<div>Spandex fibres are produced in four different ways including melt extrusion, reaction spinning, solution dry spinning, and solution wet spinning. Each of these methods involve the initial step of reacting monomers to produce a prepolymer. Then the prepolymer is reacted further, in various ways, and drawn out to produce a long fibre. Since solution dry spinning is used to produce over 90% of the world's spandex fibres, it is described.</div>
<ol>
<li>The first step in the production of spandex is the production of the prepolymer. This is done by mixing a macroglycol with a diisocyanate monomer. The compounds are mixed in a reaction vessel and under the right conditions they react to form a prepolymer. Since the ratio of the component materials produces fibres with varying characteristics, it is strictly controlled. A typical ratio of glycol to diisocyanate may be 1:2.
</li>
<li>In dry spinning fibre production, the prepolymer is further reacted with an equal amount of diamine. This is known as a chain extension reaction. The resulting solution is diluted with a solvent to produce the spinning solution. The solvent helps make the solution thinner and more easily handled. It can then be pumped into the fibre production cell.
</li>
<li>The spinning solution is pumped into a cylindrical spinning cell where it is cured and converted into fibres. In this cell, the polymer solution is forced through a metal plate, called a spinneret, which has small holes throughout. This causes the solution to be aligned in strands of liquid polymer. As the strands pass through the cell, they are heated in the presence of a nitrogen and solvent gas. These conditions cause the liquid polymer to chemically react and form solid strands.
</li>
<li>As the fibres exit the cell, a specific amount of the solid strands are bundled together to produce the desired thickness. This is done with a compressed air device that twists the fibres together. In reality, each fibre of spandex is made up of many smaller individual fibres that adhere to one another due to the natural stickiness of their surface.
</li>
<li>The fibres are then treated with a finishing agent. This may be magnesium stearate or another polymer such as poly(dimethyl-siloxane). These finishing materials prevent the fibres from sticking together and aid in textile manufacture. After this treatment, the fibres are transferred through a series of rollers onto a spool. The windup speed of the entire process can be anywhere from 300-500 mi (482.7-804.5 km) per minute depending on the thickness of the fibres.
</li>
<li>When the spools are filled with fibre, they are put into final packaging and shipped to textile manufacturers and other customers. Here, the fibres may be woven with other fibres such as cotton or nylon to produce the fabric that is used in clothing manufacture. This fabric can also be dyed to produce a desired color.
</li>
</ol>
<h3><b>Spandex Fibre Uses</b></h3>
<ul>
<li>Garments where comfort and fit are desired: hosiery, swimsuits, aerobic/exercise wear, ski pants, golf jackets, disposable diaper, waist bands, bra straps and bra side panels</li>
<li>Compression garments: surgical hose, support hose, bicycle pants, foundation garments</li>
<li>Shaped garments: bra cups</li>
</ul>
<h4><b>Spandex Fibre Care Tips</b></h4>
<ul>
<li>Hand or machine wash in lukewarm water</li>
<li>Do not use chlorine bleach on any fabric containing spandex. Use oxygen or sodium perborate type bleach</li>
<li>Rise thoroughly</li>
<li>Drip dry. If machine dried, use low temperature</li>
<li>Ironing, if required, should be done rapidly. Do not leave the iron too long in one position. Use low temperatures setting.</li>
</ul>

Spandex | Properties and Manufacturing Process

Spandex is a synthetic fibre or fabric made from a polymer containing polyurethane, used in the manufacture of elastic clothing. It is lig...

Pigment | Properties and Classification

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<br /></div>
<div>Pigment is a substance that can absorb light and reflect some lights to show color but it is water insoluble substance. Normally it is used for printing (with the presence of binder) or mas-coloration of the synthetic fibres.</div>
<p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2fA_mVMBgBtWuLLYv91UqydcY9boqaEaMOoOOMhznn0_nXaqd35SbySE03I6oe6wkIWxbVjqPTVmCvDB8IzNoOOmfRIbEhDnYM_KMcaj7z1-3IPj8XBJP0H074u8XiHmAahxX7fA_drs9/s1600/pigment.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2fA_mVMBgBtWuLLYv91UqydcY9boqaEaMOoOOMhznn0_nXaqd35SbySE03I6oe6wkIWxbVjqPTVmCvDB8IzNoOOmfRIbEhDnYM_KMcaj7z1-3IPj8XBJP0H074u8XiHmAahxX7fA_drs9/s320/pigment.jpeg" /></a></div>
<p>
<h3><b>Properties of Pigments</b></h3>
<ul>
<li>Chemically inert</li>
<li>Resistance to acid</li>
<li>Resistance to solvent</li>
<li>Pigments have suitable brilliance, hardness and stability</li>
<li>Good wet, light and moderate abrasion resistance</li>
</ul>
<h3><b>Classification of Pigments</b></h3>
<ol>
<li>Inorganic Pigments</li>
<li>Organic Pigments</li>
</ol>
<h4><b>Inorganic Pigments:</b></h4>
<ul>
<li>Heaviness in weight (because of the mineral content)</li>
<li>Large particles</li>
<li>Good wetting properties (because the particles don’t float)</li>
<li>Leanness (which gives their colors a matte look)</li>
<li>Low tinting strength</li>
<li>Mass tones that gray down when mixed with white (creating more natural light effects)</li>
<li>Light-to-dark shift within a family</li>
<li>High lightfast rating</li>
</ul>
<div>Exceptions include Prussian blue and viridian—both are inorganic pigments that have high tinting strengths and small particle sizes.</div>
<p>
<h4><b>Organic pigments:</b></h4>
<ul>
<li>Lightness in weight (creating high volume)</li>
<li>Small particle size</li>
<li>Resistance to wetting (because the particles float and, therefore, need a dispersion agent)</li>
<li>Fatness (giving them a natural gloss)</li>
<li>Transparency or semi-transparency</li>
<li>High tinting strength</li>
<li>Mass tones that create intense tints when mixed with white (causing them to stay high key unless a complement is added, and creating less-natural light effects)</li>
<li>Warm-to-cool shift within a family</li>
<li>Good-to-excellent lightfast ratings</li>
</ul>
<div>Exceptions are some of the historic organic pigments—such as rose madder and carmine—which have poor lightfast ratings and are prone to fading.</div>
<p>
<h3><b>Advantages of using pigments in textile application</b></h3>
<ul>
<li>Pigments can be applied to all type of fibres by using suitable binder even to synthetic fibres, their blends and glass fibres which is difficult to color by other dyeing technique.</li>
<li>No washing is required, so drying and curing is simple.</li>
<li>Extensive color range with high color fastness.</li>
<li>No after-treatment is required in pigment printing, whereas it is essential and complex task in dye printing.</li>
</ul>
<h3><b>Disadvantages of using pigments in textile application</b></h3>
<ul>
<li>The quality of dyeing or printing depends on the characteristics of binder used to affix the pigment with the substrate. The chemical and physical properties of binder influences the performance of pigment dyed fabric.</li>
<li>Adverse effect due to binder as it changes the texture of the fabric as well as lower the rubbing fastness.</li>
<li>Some solvent used in pigment emulsion like kerosene, white-spirit causes flammability or pollution problems.</li>
</ul>

Pigment | Properties and Classification

Pigment is a substance that can absorb light and reflect some lights to show color but it is water insoluble substance. Normally it is use...

Basalt Fibre | Properties and Applications

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<br /></div>
<div>The fibre is made from basalt stone by pulling fibres from the melt. It is similar to carbon fibre and fibreglass, having better physicomechanical properties than fibreglass, but being significantly cheaper than carbon fibre. It is used as a fireproof textile in the aerospace and automotive industries and can also be used as a composite to produce products such as camera tripods.</div>
<p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiysQv6NhjGYxcsQaKraUam2y43RSkDc_FtlzdvZOp9yISWUEo4E1w3QcHTm_6zejRzhDGxq2Qx6dccAsWcSs7plD3av-GJhj3DYU6enQ_mvM4ea1bAihFMZtCBZQdKWHeLlhUnU24y1ks/s1600/basalt+fibre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiysQv6NhjGYxcsQaKraUam2y43RSkDc_FtlzdvZOp9yISWUEo4E1w3QcHTm_6zejRzhDGxq2Qx6dccAsWcSs7plD3av-GJhj3DYU6enQ_mvM4ea1bAihFMZtCBZQdKWHeLlhUnU24y1ks/s320/basalt+fibre.jpg" /></a></div>
<p>
<h3><b>Source of Basalt fibre</b></h3>
<div>Basalt is a type of igneous rock formed by the rapid cooling of lava at the surface of a planet. It is the most common rock in the Earth’s crust. Basalt rock characteristics vary from the source of lava, cooling rate, and historical exposure to the elements. High quality fibres are made from basalt deposits with uniform chemical makeup.</div><p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ-z4AZkNr2ND1jPGqmDV39EBI7v7mbq-EB66AsZXiRQbQV23Bj6eILmJj7ChTVbtjWTSz-MKlCAY8VDDjCsHcVPpp5RE6la0zZvMZgZwCJwj_rPaPO5tC89IW2qWqqgDDytaDkm7TwIMG/s1600/basalt+fibre+source.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ-z4AZkNr2ND1jPGqmDV39EBI7v7mbq-EB66AsZXiRQbQV23Bj6eILmJj7ChTVbtjWTSz-MKlCAY8VDDjCsHcVPpp5RE6la0zZvMZgZwCJwj_rPaPO5tC89IW2qWqqgDDytaDkm7TwIMG/s400/basalt+fibre+source.jpg" /></a></div>
<p><div>The production of basalt and glass fibres are similar. Crushed basalt rock is the only raw material required for manufacturing the fibre. It is a continuous fibre produced through igneous basalt rock melt drawing at about 2,700° F (1,500° C).</div>
<div>Though the temperature required to produce fibres from basalt is higher than glass, it is reported by some researchers that production of fibres made from basalt requires less energy by due to the uniformity of its heating.</div>
<p>
<h3><b>Properties of Basalt Fibre</b></h3>
<ul>
<li>Low level of micro cracks (up to 90%)</li>
<li>Increased flexural strength (up to 35%)</li>
<li>Increased concrete fatigue strength and resistance (> 400%)</li>
<li>Increased frost resistance (up to 35%)</li>
<li>Increased water tightness (up to 50%)</li>
<li>Increased surface endurance of concrete (up to 70%)</li>
<li>Decreased slivering of corners and edges (up to 90%)</li>
<li>Provision of tree-dimensional reinforcement</li>
<li>Lightness, high mechanical strength, corrosion and chemical resistance to alkali and other aggressive Environments</li>
<li>High friction, frost, heat, and moisture resistance</li>
<li>Sound absorption</li>
<li>Ability to filtrate aggressive substances</li>
<li>Unique chemical resistance</li>
<li>Resistance to salty sea water</li>
<li>Resistance to ultraviolet radiation</li>
<li>Dielectric character</li>
<li>Eco-friendliness</li>
</ul>
<h3><b>Applications of Basalt Fibre</b></h3>
<ul>
<li><b>Construction</b> - disperse concrete, mortar, dry mixes and structural products reinforcement for improving concretes and mortar crack resistance , waterproofing, easy concrete pouring, tensile strength at bending and compression, abrasion, steel rebar corrosion resistance in basalt reinforced concretes and as a result - increased durability of concrete structures.
</li>
<li><b>Mechanical Engineering</b> - composite materials, structural materials, constructions in conditions of high vibration, alternating loads, acoustic insulation, equipment thermal insulation, heat lines, disc reinforcement cutting grids. Filters for cleaning of exhaust gases from dust and industrial wastewater.
</li>
<li><b>Automotive industry</b> - composite materials, insulation materials for automotive exhaust systems, panels, insulating spacers, screens, reinforcing materials for brake pads and clutch plates, engineering plastics, non-combustible composites, cord for tires, chopped fibres for reinforcement of plastics and other materials. The materials for the fuel tanks manufacturing, cylinders for LPG and compressed natural gas.
</li>
<li><b>Shipbuilding</b> - composite materials resistant to sea water, thermal and sound insulation of equipment, construction materials, small shipbuilding - construction of hulls and superstructures.
</li>
<li><b>Rail-car manufacturing</b> - composite structural materials and products, thermal and sound insulation of rail-cars, reinforcement of structural plastics, non-combustible composite materials, electrical insulating materials.
</li>
<li><b>Aeronautics</b> - composite materials and articles for cabins, thermal and sound insulation of canvases, covered with waterproofing fabric for heat and sound insulation of engine and fuselage, exhaust sound insulation of gas-dynamic channels.
</li>
<li><b>Energy</b> - insulation of thermal equipment in steam boilers and turbines, electrical insulating materials, the carrier for a high-voltage lines. Materials for Nuclear Power - non-combustible insulation and construction materials. Basalt is also a good anti-radiation protection material.
</li>
<li><b>Electronics industry</b> - reinforcing material for the production of circuit boards, electrical insulation materials, construction materials of electronic equipment.
</li>
<li><b>Chemical and petrochemical industry</b> - production of chemical-resistant pipes, protective coatings, storage tanks for corrosive liquids, acids, alkalis, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, toxic substances. Filters for cleaning the exhaust gases from dust and industrial waste water. Pipes for oil pipelines. Fire-resistant composite materials.
</li>
<li><b>Metallurgy industry</b> - heat-insulating materials of thermal equipment, regeneration bath, piping. Filters for cleaning exhaust gases from dust at the mineral processing and metallurgical plants, filters for water treatment. Grid for filtering molten metals.
</li>
<li><b>Cryogenic equipment</b> - composite and insulation materials at the liquefied gases and liquid oxygen production, etc.
</li>
<li><b>Production of construction materials</b> - building construction and facing, reinforcing plaster mesh, waterproofing materials for roofs and underground structures, reinforcing mesh for cut-off wheels, basalt rebar, construction materials that ensure the seismic resistance of buildings, fire resistant materials for the construction of high buildings and critical facilities, basalt rebar for bridges and tunnels, railway sleepers and subway construction.
</li>
<li><b>Hydraulic engineering</b> - reinforcing materials for the dams construction, land irrigation material. Construction of port facilities, offshore platforms - reinforcing and structural materials of basalt.
</li>
<li><b>Agriculture</b> - mesh for soil strengthening, containers for storage and transportation of chemical liquids: fertilizers and pesticides.
</li>
<li><b>Public service</b> - Composite materials and products, materials for waste water filters, treatment plants, large-diameter pipes for water supply and waste water.</li>
</ul>

Basalt Fibre | Properties and Applications

The fibre is made from basalt stone by pulling fibres from the melt. It is similar to carbon fibre and fibreglass, having better physicome...